Wednesday, May 27, 2020

HKS An Interview with Admissions Director Matt Clemons

document.createElement('audio'); https://media.blubrry.com/admissions_straight_talk/p/cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/58291/IV_with_Matt_Clemons.mp3Podcast: Play in new window | Download | EmbedSubscribe: Apple Podcasts | Android | Google Podcasts | Stitcher | TuneIn | Spotify Today’s guest is Matt Clemons, Director of Admissions at Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government. He’s joining us to discuss the programs HKS offers and what it takes to get accepted. Welcome, Matt! Can you give us an overview of the MPP program?  [1:25] The MPP is the largest master’s program at HKS. It’s a 2-year, full-time, early career program. There’s a strong focus on giving people a set of skills to address real world problems. Students complete a professional project (rather than an academic thesis). Students have an average of 3 years of work experience before starting the program. Work experience is important – it helps students make informed decisions and also prepares them to contribute to the program (there’s a lot of group work). How do the MPA and the MPA/ID differ?  [2:50] The programs are similar in structure: core curriculum in the first year, professional development in the summer, and a professional project in the second year. For the MPA/ID program, the professional development is in a developing country or with a development organization. The coursework for the MPA/ID is very quantitative: similar to what a first year PhD student in economics would do – with an emphasis on practical applications to challenges that are faced in the developing world. They touch on theories, but the focus is on solutions in a developing world context. What’s the difference between the MPP and MPA?  [4:18] The acronyms shouldn’t confuse people. The programs provide similar skillsets. Broadly, a public administration program focuses on a macro-level overview, and MPP programs are more technical. But students can structure and tailor their programs to address the problems that they see. What is the mid-career program?  [5:45] The mid-career program is a 1-year MPA. It draws some people who’ve been public servants, and some who are making the move from the private sector to the public sector. We require 7 years of work experience, and the average is 13. You have joint programs with HBS and HLS. Is HKS also a case-based school?  [6:35] It’s a mix. The faculty teach to their strengths. You’ll encounter cases in the classroom, but it’s not the predominant teaching method. What distinguishes the MPP from an MBA?  [7:52] Policy degrees teach candidates tools to manage strategies and policies that impact people and populations. Similar to what one would learn in b-school, MPA students learn economics, policy analysis, and quantitative analysis. In b-school, students learn similar analytical skills, but they’re focused on the bottom line. In policy programs, your bottom line is society’s bottom line. HKS offers lots of joint degree opportunities (law, med, business). Why might an MBA want both degrees?  [11:50] The intersection of business and government is increasingly important. Also, people are interested in being social entrepreneurs – outside the traditional channels of non-profits – they want to create their own opportunities to make a difference in society. We have a new social innovation fellowship to help students start their own companies. In general, policy professionals should be able to speak with people across fields. HKS offers joint degree programs within Harvard (HBS, HLS) and concurrent degree programs with few schools at Harvard and with several outside of Harvard (MIT Sloan, Stanford, etc). How do concurrent programs work?  [13:30] All concurrent programs require two separate applications – there are no shared committees or shared evaluations (even for programs within Harvard). We don’t look at applications together with the other programs. If an applicant is accepted to both programs, they let us know they want to pursue both programs, and we give them a contract. If you’re not admitted to the second program, you can reapply during your first year at HKS (except for HBS). Where do HKS grads get jobs?  [17:25] There’s no such thing as a typical grad. But about a third of our grads work in the public sector, a third in the non-profit sector, and a third in the private sector. One recent grad of the MIT Sloan-HKS program is working for Deloitte – technically in the private sector – but she’s working on a public sector project. So many of our grads cross sectors like that. Do a lot of grads spend some time in various sectors?  [18:45] One example: A mid-career grad who had a career in government (White House, Pentagon, etc.) is now the CEO of the Pittsburgh Penguins, where he has a reputation for building strong ties between the franchise and the local community. Is there a recent grad whose experience typifies the opportunities HKS opened up?  [20:35] We had a student who worked in marketing and consulting before coming to HKS, and was interested in government. She got a job in the Boston mayor’s office, working on a task force related to citizens’ relationship to government. She helped create â€Å"City Hall To Go†Ã¢â‚¬â€a mobile government office. (Now there are two mobile units.) She’s still working in the mayor’s office – now working on pay equity initiatives. What is HKS looking for in its applicants?  [23:15] Four things: 1. Public service:  A track record of service and contribution. 2. Leadership: People who are established as leaders. (Not measured by your title, but by your impact.) 3. Quantitative aptitude: We want to know you can do the work. 4. Work experience:  Ã‚  we want people to be making decisions based on experience in the real world. What about grades and test scores?  [25:20] The real issue is: can you learn what we teach? And do you fit what the Kennedy School is about? We don’t have cut-offs, and we don’t publish average GPAs or test scores. It doesn’t mean a lot if you have great test scores and a 4.0 without a track record of public service and leadership. We do look at ranges: approximately the top third on the GRE or GMAT. But it’s not the critical component in admissions. What are the top â€Å"pause points† when you review an application?  [29:40] Since 50% of our applicants are international students, for those candidates, we pay particular attention to their English abilities to make sure they can keep up the pace. For all applicants, we want to make sure they have the quantitative skills to succeed. HKS is a very extracurricular-oriented experience, and you won’t be able to take advantage if you fall behind. Each program asks for a quantitative resume or quantitative statement (we provide examples on our blog). Finally, we’re looking for a real commitment to public service. If somebody’s compass isn’t pointed in that direction, that makes us pause. When is the application available, and when is it due?  [31:50] It will be live in early September, and the deadline is December 1. The decision date will be in March. We provide regular updates and information on the blog. Is there an advantage to applying early?  [33:00] We don’t start reviewing applications until after the deadline. But don’t submit at the last minute. What are some common mistakes applicants make?  [34:35] The biggest mistake is not following instructions. My pet peeve is people asking questions that are already clearly answered on the application or the website. We provide a lot of advice on the blog. Another pet peeve: quoting Gandhi in your essay! I’m not trying to admit Gandhi to the Kennedy School – I’m trying to admit you. What else should we know?  [37:25] My first job was as a fry cook at a Dairy Queen. I went to a public high school and saved money for college by working at a fast food restaurant. I borrowed money to go to a liberal arts college. I never had it in my mind that I would be working for an institution like Harvard. I also share the story of being rejected from the Peace Corps – ultimately, the best thing that ever happened to me, because I ended up teaching English in Korea, where I met my wife. Don’t let the name of the institution intimidate you. If you’re worried about cost, we offer nearly $25 million in financial aid. You miss 100% of the chances you don’t take. And if we say no, it doesn’t mean that other wonderful doors won’t open. Related Links: †¢ Harvard Kennedy School of Government †¢ HKS Admissions Blog †¢ HKS Admissions Pause Points †¢ HKS on Twitter †¢ HKS Application Essay Tips Related  Shows: †¢ HBS 2016 Grad Reflects on Her Experience as a Harvard MBA †¢ The Lauder Institute Changes to Reflect the World †¢ Sustainability, Ross MBA The Erb Institute: Business As A Force For Good †¢ Focus on Fit †¢ An HBS Student Helping HBS Applicants Subscribe:

Saturday, May 16, 2020

Essay about Coleridges the Rime Of The Ancient Mariner

Coleridges quot;The Rime of the Ancient Mariner nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Coleridges poem The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is wrote in a way that the reader is expected to temporarily allow him or herself to believe it to be able to understand it. The poem itself is about a Mariner who is telling his tale of sin and forgiveness by God to a man referred to as the quot;Wedding Guest.quot; The Mariner is supposedly responsible for the death of all of the crew on his ship because of his killing of a creature which was to bring them the wind that they needed to put power into the sails of the ship. The whole point of the poem is to encourage or convince the reader to believe the tale that Coleridge tells.†¦show more content†¦The quot;Wedding Guestquot; in the poem represents quot;everymanquot; in the sense that quot;everyonequot; is to be at the marriage of the Mariner to life. That is, the reader is to follow, live, and participate with the idea of the poem. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Coleridge tells of a Mariner on a ship who makes a sin against God and therefore is cursed. This curse, the killing of an Albatross - one of Gods creatures, costs the entire crew on the ship their lives yet he lives so that he can realize what he has done and be given a chance to ask forgiveness for his sin. The deaths occurred when a ship was sited and on it two women like figures were playing dice and life won the Mariner and death got the crew. Until he began to pray and ask for forgiveness the crews souls couldnt enter Heaven but one he did the curse was broken, his life was saved, and Angels came down from Heaven and took the crews souls with them. He had become a saved man. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The whole point of the story becomes clear in the following lines. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;quot;Farewell, farewell! but this I tell nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;To thee, thou Wedding Guest! nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;He prayeth well, who loveth well nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Both man and bird and beast. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;quot;He prayeth best, who loveth best nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;All things both great and small; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;For theShow MoreRelatedThe Rime Of The Ancient Mariner By Samuel Taylor Coleridge904 Words   |  4 PagesSamuel Taylor Coleridge was born in Ottery St. Mary in England and was the last of 10 children. His father died when he was 9 years old and at that time he was already into fantasy books. He later went to school in in London and went to Cambridge University. Later in his life he made some breakthroughs that caused a revolution in poetic style and thoughts. Towards the end of his life he was troubled with some illnesses but is known for being the poet who established the importance of imaginationRead MoreThe Rime Of The Ancient Mariner By Samuel Taylor Coleridge925 Words   |  4 Pagesbegins with a single step.† The poem The Rime of the Ancient Mariner by Samuel Taylor Coleridge is a famous Romantic work about a mariner and his crew on an overseas journey. While on this journey, they encounter some rough weather. However, a sea bird, the albatross , leads the men out of the ice and fog. For some reason unknown to the readers, the Mariner shoots the albatross, and the whole ship and crew are cursed by God. It isn’t until after the Mariner learns his lesson that the curse is liftedRead MoreThe Use of Sensory Imagery in The Rime of the Ancient Mariner by Samuel Coleridge579 Words   |  3 PagesIn The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, Samuel Coleridge writes of a sailor bringing a tale to life as he speaks to a wedding guest. An ancient Mariner tells of his brutal journey through the Pacific Ocean to the South Pole. Coleridge suffers from loneliness, because of his lifelong need for love and livelihood; similarly, during the Mariner’s tale, his loneliness shows when he becomes alone at sea, because of the loss of his crew. Having a disastrous dependence to opium and laudanum, Coleridge, in partnershipRead MoreSin Penance and Redemption in Samuel Coleridge The Rime of the Ancient Mariner1181 Words   |  5 PagesRedemp tion in â€Å"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner† In the history of ancient poets, there emerged great writers who correlated the underpinning lifestyles on social life they believed in. Merited information on their writing remains tangible and historical based to disseminate the realities of many beliefs and conducts made in different scenarios people found themselves in. ‘The Rime of the Ancient Mariner’ is one of the longest poems in writing history written by Samuel Coleridge in 1798 (RubaskyRead MoreThe Big Lesson from the Poem, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner by Samuel Taylor Coleridge568 Words   |  3 Pagesbe explicitly encapsulated in a maxim. The mariner is cursed with a lifelong penance after he killed the Albatross. He has to feel a pain in his chest that becomes unbearable until he sees a certain soul that is the right one to tell to. No matter what. In the long poem, â€Å"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner† by Samuel Taylor Coleridge has three lessons about human life and they are supernatural , pride, and suffering. In â€Å"Rime† by Sam Coleridge, the mariner goes through many supernatural events thatRead MoreAuthors or Horror, Edgar Allen Poe for The Raven and Samuel Taylor Coleridge for â€Å"Rime of the Ancient Mariner533 Words   |  2 Pages The two poems are eerie in aspect to modern day horror. Our terrifying horror movies and books derive from these two men; Edgar Allen Poe and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Although these two authors are different in their techniques of writing, there are two poems that are similar. â€Å"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner† and â€Å"The Raven† consists of a bird bringing a bad omen. The situations are different; however, the meanings of the birds are similar. In these two poems, the differences are more apparent;Read MoreVarying Interpretations of Themes in Rime of the Ancient Mariner by Samuel Taylor Coleridge669 Words   |  3 Pagesa character, instead of a gift (think Ophelia in Hamlet, with her giving of the flowers). In the Rime of the Ancient Mariner, the Albatross is seen as a symbol of hope, life, and God, while the Raven in The Raven is interpreted as death, regret, and Satanic evil. The Albatross here is used as a symbol of hope, while the Raven is interpreted as a symbol of regret. In Rime of the Ancient Mariner, the shipmates were stuck in a sea of ice, after being blown there from a huge storm. They were slowlyRead MoreHeart of Darkness, by Joseph Conrad and The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, by Samuel Taylor Coleridge857 Words   |  4 PagesMarlow and the Mariner in Heart of Darkness and The Rime of the Ancient Mariner are both morally ambiguous characters with many similarities. Each embarks on a great journey in which their character is tested numerous times. Their trials lead to many profound revelations about humanity, which are explored in ways only possible because of their hazy morality. At the start of their adventures, both Marlow and the Mariner were only sailors looking for adventure and fortune. The motivations forRead MoreThe Rime Of The Ancient Mariner1290 Words   |  6 Pages he Rime of the Ancient Mariner† shows many accounts of religious imagery which was used by Samuel Taylor Coleridge to add to the work as a whole. When Coleridge wrote ‘The Rime Of The Ancient Mariner, Coleridge s faith was going down hill and he didn t have a clear view of the path he wanted to go down. In this view, â€Å"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner† can be read as an analogy of the voyage of Coleridge’s search for a Christian God. By the end of the poem, it looks like Coleridge never findsRead MoreEssay on The Allegory of The Rime of the Ancient Mariner876 Words   |  4 PagesThe Allegory of The Rime of the Ancient Mariner According to Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia, an allegory is described as a fictional literary narrative or artistic expression that conveys a symbolic meaning parallel to but distinct from, and more important than, the literal meaning. This is true in Samuel Taylor Coleridges poem, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is an allegory that symbolizes the inherent struggle of humans facing the ideas of sin

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

My Msc Specialist Community Public Health - 2049 Words

I am completing this ethics submission as part of my Msc Specialist Community Public Health Nurse/ School Nursing. This course has further increased my professional interest as a School Nurse, in obesity and the impact this has on the individual as well as society. Given this is a continuing problem despite various government interventions I would like to explore whether school nurses’ have a role to play in childhood obesity. Background If current trends continue unchanged by 2034 one in three people will be obese (Public Health England) (PHE 2014). Society has normalised being overweight with obesity increasing throughout a person’s life span (PHE 2014). The National Child Measurement Programme (NCMP) data has shown that there is a†¦show more content†¦The estimated cost to society and the economy stood at  £16 billion in 2007 with a potential rise to about  £50 billion by 2050. An estimated  £2.6 billion of this is attributed to lost earnings due to obesity (DH 2011). It is now accepted that every aspect of our lives impacts on our health and vice versa (Linsley, Kane and Owen 2011, Dahlgren and Whitehead 1991, PHE 2014), (Fig:1).Although the health service can not alter this epidemic single handed it needs to work in partnership and create a community wide approach to tackling obesity (NHS 2014, PHE 2014). By adopting a proactive rather than a reactive approach we may be able to impact on future data (PHE 2014). 12 years ago Derek Wanless warned that unless the country takes prevention seriously there would be a sharp rise in the burden of unavoidable illness (NHS 2014). This warning was not heeded, and now it is acknowledged to create the best outcomes for children’s health, the sustainability of the NHS and the economic prosperity of Britain there needs to be a radical upgrade in prevention and public health (NHS 2014). Fig 1: Dahgren and Whitehead (1991) Illustration showing the many social, environmental, cultural and biological influences on health. Public health is about empowering individuals as well as communities to live healthy, happy lives and reach their

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Public Speaking free essay sample

Education Information: To inform my audience why education is very important to every person in the United States. Persuasive: To persuasive my audience that everyone should improve their education in the United States. Technology Information: To inform my audience the benefits collections of technology in the United States. Persuasive: To persuasive my audience that everyone should improve their education in the United States. Health Information: To inform my audience the dangerous influence of many people’s health condition in the United States. Persuasive: To persuasive my audience that people should talk more care about their health. 3. 1. Problem: Avoid Figurative Language in Your Purpose Statement. Correct: To inform my audience how to sign up for Facebook as it is a useful social media tool for everyone in United States. 2. Problem: Limit your purpose statement to one distinct idea. Correct: To persuade my audience that the U. S. government should increase funding for stem cell research. We will write a custom essay sample on Public Speaking or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Correct: To inform my audience about Vietnam because lots of products are made in Vietnam in the United States at this moment. 6. Write the purpose statement as a full infinitive phrase. Not as a fragment. Correct: TO inform my audience about the important of donate blood because lots of people need help at United States. 7. Avoid your purpose statement to one distinct idea. Correct: To persuade my audience that something has to be done about the problem. Or: To persuade my audience that something has to be done with antibiotic resistant bacteria. Public Speaking free essay sample When we heard the word, ‘public speaking’, what came to mind is standing in front of a crowded room packed with people and talking to them. The image alone sometimes create an enormous effect on most people, causing nervousness, and maybe even fear. Before we jump to that, let’s look at the definition of the word itself. According to Merriam Webster online dictionary, the words Public Speaking has a meaning of â€Å"the act or process of making speeches in public,† or â€Å"the art of effective oral communication with an audience. † Next, what is an audience? An audience is defined as â€Å"a group of listeners or spectators. † From the definitions, we can draw a conclusion that in public speaking, there is an act of both speaking and listening. So what differentiates public speaking from a conversation? While both public speaking and conversation involves a direct and face-to-face encounter, usually public speaking is more of a ‘one-way’ talking. We will write a custom essay sample on Public Speaking or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Although nowadays most speakers claim that they want an interactive session, but usually the audience is given a specific time to do so. Next, in terms of language, public speaking uses a formal language. Because they are speaking in front of a group of people, speakers need to adress their audience in a more formal way. Third, and most importantly, public speaking needs to be structured. They need to have a tight grasp on their topic and do their research thoroughly. The reason the topic ‘Public Speaking’ is chosen is because it is something that everyone needs to do at some point of their lives. It is also based on the In conclusion, public speaking can be defined as the act of making a speech in front of a group of listeners, and is different from conversation in terms of approach, language, and structure. TYPES OF PUBLIC SPEAKING Naomi Rockler-Gladen, a former professor at Colorado State University, wrote on the website suite101 that there are three types of public speaking; informative, persuasive, and ceremonial. These types also defines the purposes, or the reasons the speech is made. More details on the three types of public speaking will be explained below. The first type, informative. Informative has the meaning of giving information, to inform. An informative speech has a purpose to inform, or give knowlegde to its audience about  something that they probably did not know of before. The end goal of an informative speech would be to equip the audience with a brand new knowledge that they can apply to a particular aspect of their lives. The important thing to watch about giving an informative speech is to not put in too much information. Imagine an empty bucket being filled with water. If being filled with too much water then the water will leak out for sure. The same thing applies to the audience. The ‘leaking’ must be avoided at all costs, so the information has to be kept simple, yet useful. The second type is persuasive speech. A speaker giving a persuasive speech needs to be able to persuade the audience to do, or believe in something. Usually, the speaker would try to change the mindset, perception, or behavior of the audience for their own good. Giving an informative speech is not an easy thing to do. The speaker needs to be really passionate about the cause they’re giving, in order to convince and persuade the audience to follow suit. The second thing that can be done is to look for common ground with the audience, try to relate to what they might agree on. Third, try to aim for a smaller scope of issue for a start. As mentioned before, a speaker is given a time limit to deliver his or her speech, and it will not be easy to change one’s mind in such a short time. Third, and last type is a ceremonial speech. There are so many ceremonies in our lives, starting from graduation, engagement, wedding, to funeral. Usually this kind of speech is given to congratulate, or in the case of a funeral, remembering the dearly departed. Thus, the given speech tends to be less formal and more personal than the other types of speeches. The important thing to watch about giving a ceremonial speech is to be appropriate. No matter how well you know the person you are giving speech about, try to not say bad things about them, even if it is meant to be a joke. The point here is to make them feel special, not to bring them down, especially in front of a large group of people. From the three types of speeches mentioned above, we can draw a conclusion that all kinds of speeches will have have to cause some kind of an effect for the audience. Informative speech needs to result in the audience understanding or knowing something they did not know before. Persuasive speech is aimed to change someone’s perspective about something or to ask them to do something, and ceremonial speech should be more personal, and make someone feel special and included in a certain ceremony. PREPARING The key of perfecting anything is through practice, and public speaking is no exception. However, merely practicing will not be sufficient to have a successful public speaking. Aside from practicing, there are also several things that can be done to prepare oneself for the often-dreaded experience. The first thing is to know who the audience will be. Try to get as much information as possible regarding this particular area. Age, gender, cultural brackground, sexual orientation, and religious views are among the most crucial things that a speaker needs to know. These informations will be very helpful to the speakers to determine their style of speaking, the approach that they are going to use, and to avoid offending a particular group. There are three questions that needs to be kept in mind when working on the speech: To whom am I speaking? What do I want them to know, believe, or do as a result of my speech? What is the most effective way to composing and presenting my speech to accomplish that aim? (Lucas, 2004). The next thing that can be identified is the venue. Knowing the ‘battlefield’ in advance will give the speakers a huge advantage. They would be able to plan beforehand, for example, where they want to stand, and if they wish to walk around, what pattern would be best so the audience will not get too distracted, and how they are going to face the audience. Every speakers need to have a tight grasp on their topics. Therefore, they need to do a thorough research before they present their topic to their audience, especially if they are giving an informative speech. Speakers can acquire their materials from many different resources, whether it be the books from the library, the internet, or even their own knowledge and experiences. At the end of every session, usually the audience are given the time to ask questions regarding the topic, and the speaker needs to be able to answer them. There are two words that most speakers always have with them during their seminar or presentation; visual aids. They are usually in the form of a Power Point presentation, which can include texts, audios, and videos. The essence of having a visual aid, aside from making the presentation more interesing, is so that the audience can have a better understanding of the topic. Speakers can include the main points of each of their ideas instead of the whole sentence in their slides, to keep the audience from getting bored. Last, as mentioned above, practice is necessary. Sparing some time to practice will help build confidence, which is an important thing to have in delivering a speech or presentation in public. It will also help determine the length of the presentation, whether it is too long or too short from the given time. From the explanations above, it can be concluded that there are five things that needs to be prepared in public speaking, which are; knowing the audience, identifying the venue, doing a thorough research on the topic, having a visual aid, and practicing. These five elements of preparation could be the key to ensuring the success of public speaking. PRESENTING When all the preparation has been done, comes the real challege; presenting. There are a few aspects speakers need to pay attention to while giving their speech. Language is the main aspect a speaker needs to pay attention to while giving a speech. Whether their purpose is to inform or persuade, language is their tool, their weapon. Therefore, how the use the language is crucial to the success of their speech. Language needs to be used clearly. Words are not limited to a universal meaning, which means that not everyone interprets a word in the same meaning or understanding. A speaker needs to choose their words carefully and make it clear to the audience what they mean of it. Language also needs to be used appropriately. When giving a speech, audience looks up to the speaker to give them something new, something useful. Thus, the speaker needs to know how to deliver their speech to fulfill the audiences’ expectation. Audience tends to prefer if their speaker can deliver their speech without any form of notes or texts. Speaking from the memory shows a great deal of confidence, and that will gain more respect from the audience. However, there is no harm from getting help from notes or flashcards. This can help the speaker remember and focus on their main points, and also keep their speech organized. Language and delivery alone will not be sufficient if the speaker does not have the right body language. Body language includes personal appearance, movement, gesture, and eye contact. The phrase â€Å"don’t judge a book by its cover† is often heard but rarely practiced. First impression will always matter in the way one person looks at another, so a speaker needs to dress appropriately. The movement and gesture of a speaker also affects the audience, for example, if the speaker keeps pacing around the room, it willl distract the audience from the topic and confuses them. Sometimes, when a speaker is feeling nervous, he or she will tend to make move their hands around or play with their hair, etc. This should be avoided at all costs, as mentioned above, to avoid making the audience feels distracted. Eye contact needs to be maintained to hold the audience. Lucas explained in his book that when speaking in front of a small audience, you can look briefly from one person to another, but in a larger audience, it is better to just scan through the audience rather than look at each person directly. It has been mentioned above that it is best if the speaker could prepare visual aids beforehand. While presenting a visual aid, the speaker needs to be clear, but by doing so, they also need to still be connected to the audience, and not be too immersed in their own visual aids. The visual aid itself should be made as large and as intersting as possible. While closing the speech or presentation, speakers can restate their main points, just to remind the audience of the important things that has been said. They can also end it with a special message and encourage the audience to ask questions. Speaking in public is all about confidence.Wearing the right clothes, movements, gesture, maintaining eye contact, and having visual aids can enhance the speakers’ confidence, and in return, will gain the respect and trust from the audience.